FOUNDATIONAL TERM
Cardiac output
心输出量
Blood pumped by one ventricle per minute, equal to heart rate times stroke volume.
Study this concept in context
44 · Understanding and improving aerobic fitness
Aerobic fitness is not captured by lung volume or heart rate alone. It involves sustained oxygen delivery and use during activity. This lesson separates immediate responses from training adaptations and develops sensible ways to assess progress.
10 · How the heart beats
Place your fingertips lightly on your wrist and you can feel a pulse. Its rhythm alone does not tell you how much blood the heart ejects with each beat, or show you the valves opening and closing. To understand a heartbeat, we need to connect anatomy, electrical activity, muscle contraction and blood flow.
22 · Systems working together: exercise, meals and heat
Exercise, meals and heat change the tasks of several systems at once. Integration depends on material and energy balances, feedback timing and allocation of shared resources.
Sources
- OpenStax A&P: cardiac physiology
- Farrell and Turgeon: Adaptations to Aerobic Exercise
- OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology 2e: Exercise and Muscle Performance
- CDC: Measuring Physical Activity Intensity
- WHO Europe: Physical Activity Recommendations
- Green and Naylor, ACSM: Cardiac Adaptation to Training
Definitions come from the published lessons. Read the linked lesson for mechanisms, conditions and examples.