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HEALTH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Health encyclopedia

Clarify a concept and explore its place in the science of life and health.

200 bilingual foundational entries, connected to the curriculum.

symptom

症状

A change experienced and reported by the person.

participation

社会参与

Involvement in life situations such as work, family, and community activities.

cell differentiation

细胞分化

The development of cellular structures and activities suited to particular functions.

extracellular matrix

细胞外基质

Extracellular fibers, other molecules, and associated water that contribute to tissue organization and the cellular environment.

reaction coupling

反应耦联

Linking an energetically favorable process to one that requires an energy input.

gene expression

基因表达

The use of genetic information to make products such as RNA or protein.

penetrance

外显率

The proportion of people carrying a variant who show the associated features, interpreted in context such as age.

homeostasis

稳态

Dynamic regulation that maintains internal conditions within workable ranges.

negative feedback

负反馈

A response that reduces or opposes the deviation that triggered it.

microbiota

微生物群

The community of microorganisms living in a particular environment.

colonization

定殖

Persistence and growth of microorganisms at a site without necessarily causing disease.

Confounding

混杂

The influence of other factors becomes mixed with the exposure–outcome relationship, complicating causal interpretation.

Reverse causation

反向因果

The presumed outcome influences the behavior or exposure being studied.

Absolute risk

绝对风险

The probability of an event in a defined population over a stated period.

Absolute risk difference

绝对风险差

The difference between two comparable risks, expressed in percentage points when subtracting percentages.

Anatomical position

解剖学姿势

A standard reference posture: upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

Mediastinum

纵隔

The central region of the thorax between the lungs, containing the heart and other structures.

Atrium

心房

A chamber receiving returning blood.

Ventricle

心室

A chamber pumping blood into an artery.

Perfusion

灌注

Passage of blood through tissue.

Resistance

阻力

Opposition to flow for a given pressure difference.

Plasma

血浆

The liquid component of unclotted blood.

Haemoglobin

血红蛋白

The red-cell protein that binds oxygen reversibly.

Ventilation

通气

Bulk movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Digestion

消化

Mechanical processing and chemical breakdown of food.

Absorption

吸收

Movement across intestinal epithelium into the internal environment.

Portal vein

门静脉

A vein delivering blood from digestive and related organs to the liver.

Hepatocyte

肝细胞

A cell performing most hepatic metabolic and synthetic functions.

Nephron

肾单位

The basic functional structure for filtration and tubular processing.

Filtration

滤过

Movement of water and selected solutes from plasma into the glomerular capsule.

Afferent

传入

Information travelling toward the central nervous system.

Efferent

传出

Commands travelling from the central system toward effectors.

Hormone

激素

A secreted chemical signal influencing target-cell activity.

Receptor

受体

A molecular structure recognising a signal and initiating a response.

Antigen

抗原

A structure recognised by adaptive immune receptors.

Innate immunity

先天免疫

Defence using barriers and pre-existing recognition mechanisms.

Remodelling

重塑

Coordinated renewal through bone resorption and formation.

Sarcomere

肌节

A repeated basic contractile unit in a myofibril.

Epidermis

表皮

The outer epithelial layer of skin.

Dermis

真皮

The skin layer containing connective tissue, vessels and nerves.

Effector

效应器

A tissue or organ executing a regulatory response.

Sensation

感觉

Detection and transduction of stimuli by sensory systems.

Perception

知觉

Organisation and interpretation of sensory information.

Encoding

编码

Processing information into representations for later use.

Working memory

工作记忆

A system temporarily maintaining and manipulating information.

Cognitive appraisal

认知评估

Evaluation of an event in relation to goals and coping resources.

Arousal

唤醒

The level of physiological and psychological activation.

Stressor

压力源

A condition presenting threat, challenge or adaptation demands.

HPA axis

HPA轴

The hormonal regulatory chain linking hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex.

Motivation

动机

Processes initiating, sustaining and directing behaviour.

Reinforcement

强化

A process in which a consequence makes the preceding behaviour more likely to occur again.

Attachment

依恋

A lasting emotional bond with a caregiver or other important person.

Secure base

安全基地

Security from a dependable relationship that supports comfort-seeking and exploration.

Anxiety

焦虑

Worry about possible threat and associated mental and bodily responses.

Functional impact

功能影响

The effect of symptoms on activities such as learning, work and relationships.

Depressive episode

抑郁发作

A period assessed through persistent depressive symptoms and effects on functioning.

Craving

渴求

A strong desire to use a substance or engage in a behavior.

Nutrient

营养素

A food component used for energy, structure, or regulation.

Glycogen

糖原

A branched polymer used to store glucose.

Triglyceride

甘油三酯

An energy-storage lipid containing glycerol and three fatty acids.

Phospholipid

磷脂

A membrane lipid with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

Micronutrient

微量营养素

A nutrient required in small amounts for normal function.

Electrolyte

电解质

A substance forming charged ions in body fluids.

Satiation

饱餐作用

Processes contributing to termination of a meal.

Dietary pattern

膳食模式

The recurring combination of foods, amounts, and frequencies.

Portion

实际份量

The amount selected or eaten on one occasion.

Pasteurization

巴氏杀菌

A controlled time-temperature treatment reducing foodborne pathogen risk.

Homogenization

均质

Processing that disperses particles to improve physical uniformity.

Blinding

盲法

Concealing allocation to reduce bias from expectations or assessment.

ATP turnover

ATP周转

The continuous use and resynthesis of ATP.

Phosphocreatine

磷酸肌酸

A reserve that rapidly transfers phosphate to ADP to regenerate ATP.

Cardiac output

心输出量

Blood pumped by one ventricle per minute, equal to heart rate times stroke volume.

Stroke volume

每搏输出量

Blood ejected by one ventricle with each beat.

Motor unit

运动单位

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.

Eccentric action

离心收缩

A muscle action producing tension while the muscle lengthens.

bone remodeling

骨重建

Replacement of old bone through coordinated resorption and formation.

base of support

支撑面

The contact areas supporting the body and the area between them.

center of mass

重心

The combined position of the body mass distribution.

frequency

频率

Number of activity sessions in a period.

fatigue

疲劳

Reduced task capacity or increased perceived effort.

ligament

韧带

Connective tissue that mainly joins bone to bone.

sprain

扭伤

An injury involving a ligament.

Slow-wave sleep

慢波睡眠

The non-REM stage characterized by prominent slow waves.

Entrainment

同步

Establishment of a stable relationship with an external cycle.

Consolidation

巩固

Stabilization and reorganization following learning.

Insomnia

失眠

Sleep difficulty despite opportunity, with distress or functional consequences.

Stimulus control

刺激控制

Modification of cues and behaviours linking bed with wakefulness.

Obstructive sleep apnoea

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停

Recurrent sleep-related upper-airway obstruction affecting ventilation.

Central apnoea

中枢性呼吸暂停

An event involving temporarily insufficient respiratory drive or effort.

Phase advance

相位提前

A shift of rhythmic timing to an earlier hour.

Semen

精液

Fluid containing sperm and accessory-gland secretions.

Vulva

外阴

External genital structures including labia and clitoris.

Corpus luteum

黄体

A temporary hormone-secreting structure formed after ovulation.

Carrier

携带者

Someone carrying a recessive variant, usually without the associated disorder.

Gestational age

孕周

Pregnancy age usually dated from the first day of the last menstrual period.

Implantation

着床

Establishment of the early embryo within the uterine lining.

Stages of labour

产程

Stages covering cervical change, birth, and placental delivery.

Functional closure

功能性闭合

Loss of major flow through a pathway before permanent anatomical closure.

Responsive feeding

回应式喂养

Feeding that notices and responds to hunger and fullness cues.

Percentile

百分位

Relative position within a reference distribution.

Temperament

气质

Individual patterns of activity, reactivity, and adaptation.

Co-regulation

共同调节

Adult support for a child’s emotional and behavioural regulation.

Pathogen

病原体

An infectious agent capable of causing infection under relevant conditions.

Colonization

定植

Presence or growth of organisms without corresponding clinical infection.

Inflammation

炎症

Vascular and cellular responses to injury or danger signals.

Endothelium

内皮

The vessel-lining cell layer involved in vascular and clotting regulation.

Foam cell

泡沫细胞

A lipid-laden cell, often a macrophage, within a lesion.

Insulin

胰岛素

A hormone coordinating glucose use, storage, and liver output.

Invasion

侵袭

Extension of malignant cells into neighboring tissue.

Metastasis

转移

Cancer spread establishing disease away from its primary site.

Immune tolerance

免疫耐受

Regulation limiting inappropriate responses to self or selected harmless components.

Sensitization

致敏

Development of detectable specific immune recognition.

Nociception

伤害性感受

Neural encoding of noxious stimuli.

Neuropathic pain

神经病理性疼痛

Pain caused by disease or lesion of the somatosensory system.

Multimorbidity

多病共存

Two or more long-term health conditions in one person.

Reference interval

参考范围

An interval based on measurements in a specified reference population.

Sensitivity

敏感度

Proportion of truly affected people who test positive.

Screening

筛查

Identifying people without relevant symptoms who may need further assessment.

Lead-time bias

提前量偏倚

Earlier diagnosis lengthens recorded survival without necessarily postponing death.

Pharmacokinetics

药代动力学

Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

clinical outcome

临床结局

A measure directly reflecting symptoms, function, survival, or another clinical result.

surrogate endpoint

替代终点

An indicator used in place of a clinical outcome with context-specific supporting evidence.

main concern

主要诉求

The problem or concern the person most wants the visit to address.

symptom timeline

症状时间线

A chronological account of symptoms, changes, associated events, and responses.

rehabilitation

康复

Interventions addressing the body, tasks, and environment to optimize function and participation.

neuroplasticity

神经可塑性

Capacity of the nervous system to change organization and function with experience, learning, or injury.

demineralization

脱矿

Loss of minerals from the tooth surface under acidic conditions.

periodontal tissues

牙周组织

Gums, ligament, and related tissues that surround and support teeth.

Agonal gasping

濒死喘息

Ineffective irregular gasps that can occur during cardiac arrest.

Recovery position

恢复体位

A side-lying airway-protecting position for an unresponsive person breathing normally.

Cardiac arrest

心搏骤停

An emergency loss of effective cardiac circulation.

Chest recoil

胸廓回弹

Return of the chest after each compression.

Effective cough

有效咳嗽

A forceful cough with continuing ability to breathe.

Mental health crisis

心理危机

Distress or behavioral change threatening safety or everyday coping and requiring timely support.

Suicidal ideation

自杀意念

Thoughts of ending your life; intent to act needs further assessment.

health inequality

健康差异

A measurable health difference between population groups.

health inequity

健康不公平

A health difference judged unfair, avoidable, or remediable.

prevalence

患病率

Proportion with a target condition at a specified point or during a period.

incidence risk

发病风险

Proportion of an initially at-risk population developing a new outcome over a specified period.

immune memory

免疫记忆

Persistence of capacity for a faster specific response after an initial encounter.

hazard

危害

The potential of an agent to cause harm.

exposure

暴露

Contact with an agent through a specified route and period.

engineering control

工程控制

Design of equipment or environments to prevent hazardous contact.

urban heat island

城市热岛

Higher urban temperatures associated with heat storage and other built-environment effects.

adaptation

适应

Adjustment of systems to reduce current or expected climate impacts.

perimenopause

围绝经期

The transition around menopause involving menstrual and hormonal changes.

menopause

绝经

Permanent cessation of menstruation following loss of ovarian follicular function.

cellular senescence

细胞衰老

A state of relatively stable cell-cycle arrest with continuing metabolic activity.

proteostasis

蛋白质稳态

Processes balancing protein production, folding, repair, and removal.

frailty

衰弱

Reduced multisystem reserve associated with greater vulnerability to stressors.

sarcopenia

肌少症

A muscle disorder involving reduced strength and abnormal muscle quantity or quality.

executive function

执行功能

Cognitive abilities for planning, organizing, switching tasks, and regulating actions.

mild cognitive impairment

轻度认知障碍

Cognitive decline beyond expectation with everyday independence largely preserved.

palliative care

舒缓医疗

Care improving quality of life through assessment and relief of suffering associated with serious illness.

prognosis

预后

An estimate of likely disease course and outcomes, usually with uncertainty.

tissue

组织

An organized arrangement of cells and associated material that contributes to particular functions.

epigenetics

表观遗传

The study of regulatory changes affecting gene activity without altering the DNA base sequence.

compensation

代偿

Changes in other processes that help maintain a function under strain.

strain

菌株

A subgroup within a microbial species with particular genetic and functional characteristics.

Positive predictive value

阳性预测值

The proportion of positive test results that are true positives; it depends in part on disease prevalence in the tested population.

Lumen

管腔

The inside space of a tubular structure, such as the intestinal space through which food passes.

Mitral valve

二尖瓣

The valve between the left atrium and ventricle.

Stroke volume

每搏量

The volume ejected by one ventricle per beat.

Myocardium

心肌

The muscle tissue of the heart wall.

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